МОЛОДЁЖНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ДЛЯ ТЕХ, КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ПЕРВЫЕ ШАГИ В НАУКЕ
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2016. Том 11. Выпуск 1. Система планета Земля / 'The Earth Planet System / System Planet Erde
МЕТОДЫ — АНАЛИЗЫ — СТАНДАРТЫ / METHODS — ANALYSIS — STANDARDS / METHODEN — ANALYSEN — NORMEN
Люшвин П.В.
К проблеме энергетического способа определения глобальных климатических изменений
Люшвин Петр Владимирович, кандидат географических наук, консультант ООО ЛИКО, Москва 
ORCID 0000-0003-1256-7533
E-mail: petr-v-lushvin@j-spacetime.com; p.v.lushvin@mail.ru
Международная метрологическая организация настаивает на скорейшем изъятии калории из обращения. На основании идентичности величин контрастов в температурах и калориях логично отказаться и от температурной шкалы в пользу ваттовой, подстроенной для удобства под шкалу Цельсия таким образом, чтобы её ватты при «0» и «100» равнялись бы ваттам при 0ºС и 100ºС, а градация везде была бы постоянна и равна 7,84 ватт.
Ключевые слова: калория, температуры воздуха в шкале Цельсия, ватты, землетрясения, углекислый газ, метан.
Цитирование по ГОСТ Р 7.0.11—2011:
Люшвин, П. В. К проблеме энергетического способа определения глобальных климатических изменений [Электронный ресурс] / П.В. Люшвин // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. — 2016. — Т. 11. — Вып. 1: Система планета Земля. — Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast11-1.2016.74.
Lushvin P.V.
On the Matter of Energetic Method for Determining Global Climatic Changes
Peter V. Lushvin, Sc.D. (Geography), Consultant at LIKO, Ltd., Moscow ORCID 0000-0003-1256-7533
E-mail: petr-v-lushvin@j-spacetime.com; p.v.lushvin@mail.ru
Calorie is deprecated off-system unit for energy measuring (quantity of heat), which earlier was widely used in physics, heat engineering, power engineering, and now, while continuing tradition, used in the evaluation of the energy value (caloric content) of food products and in some other cases. The International Organization of Legal Metrology offers to withdraw such unit from circulation as soon as possible.
In my article, I summarize and justify my views on the possibility of substituting this unit. Thus, I suggest going back of not only calories, but also of any degree scale for temperature measurement. I propose to adopt a new scale, calibrated in watts. Based on Wien's law (Wien approximation) and analysis of mass data on variations of air temperature (trends of atmospheric temperature variations and latitudinal curve of warming), humidity, and CO2 concentration, I have shown changing in world picture predicated on calories when it turned into ‘watt’-predicted one. Thus, in this case it becomes possible to overcome paradoxical opinion about the smaller significance of insolation for ground air temperature in comparison with the advection. Within such opinion (approach), at South Pole, where July midnight contrasts of temperatures (calories) although are great (≈40°С) that twice exceed January day temperature; but I justify it is negligible energetically (in the watts). In the context of global climatic changes, proponents of ‘calorie’-based approach manifested that in the Arctic, warming to ≈4°C is observed by winter, while in summer in the Mediterranean value of this parameter is ≈2.5°. Conversion of this contrast into the watts shows that Mediterranean (near Malta Islands) warming is more than Arctic.
As a conclusion, I offer to reorganize the scale for temperature measurement so that according with this scale ‘0 W’ and ‘100 W’ would correspond to 0°C and 100°C, and the step of the scale everywhere would be constant and equal to 7.84 W.
Keywords: calorie, air temperature in the Celsius scale, humidity, watts, earthquake, carbon dioxide, methane.
Cite MLA 7:
Lushvin, P. V. "On the Matter of Energetic Method for Determining Global Climatic Changes." Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time 11.1(‘The Earth Planet System’) (2016). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast11-1.2016.74>. (In Russian).
Список литературы / References
Литература
Калория // Большая медицинская энциклопедия / Под ред. Н.А.Семашко. Т. 12. М.: Советская Энциклопедия, 1930. С. 56.
Кокорин А.О. Изменение климата: обзор Пятого оценочного доклада МГЭИК. Физическая научная основа. Воздействие на природу и человека. Смягчение изменений климата. М.: Всемирный фонд дикой природы (WWF), 2014. 80 с.
Люшвин П.В. Сейсмогенные явления и некоторые их антропогенные аналоги и последствия от Аристотеля до крейсера «Аврора» (обзор) [Электронный ресурс] // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. 2014. Т. 7. Вып. 1. Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast7-1.2014.71.
Коэффициент b объемного расширения жидких веществ и водных растворов // Плановский А.Н., Рамм В.М., Каган С.З. Процессы и аппараты химической технологии. Изд. 4, стереотип. М.: Химия, 1967. С. 814—815.
Международный документ Международной организации законодательной метрологии (МОЗМ) D2. Узаконенные (официально допущенные к применению) единицы измерений. Приложение В. Париж: Международная организация законодательной метрологии, 2007 [Электронный ресурс] // Росстандарт. Федеральный информационный фонд по обеспечению единства измерени. Режим доступа: http://www.fundmetrology.ru/depository/04_IntDoc_all/MD2.pdf.
Перрен де Бришамбо Ш. Солнечное излучение и радиационный обмен в атмосфере. М.: Мир, 1966. 320 с.
Cappa F., Rutqvist J. "Impact of CO2 Geological Sequestration on the Nucleation of Earthquakes." Geophysical Research Letters 38.17 (2011): L17313.
"Climate Change in the Arctic." All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. National Snow and Ice Data Center, n.d. Web. <http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/climate_change.html>.
"Earthquake Location." Seismic Monitoring and Research Group. Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta. University of Malta, n.d. Web. <http://seismic.research.um.edu.mt/earthquakelocation.php>.
Fischer D., Mogollón J.M., Strasser M., Pape T., Bohrmann G., Fekete N., Spiess V., Kasten S. "Subduction Zone Earthquake as Potential Trigger of Submarine Hydrocarbon Seepage." Nature Geoscience 6.8 (2013): 647—651.
Irwin W.P., Barnes I. "Tectonic Relations of Carbon Dioxide Discharges and Earthquakes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 85.B6 (1980): 3115—3121.
Mau S., Rehder G., Arroyo I. G., Gossler J., Suess, E. "Indications of a Link between Seismotectonics and CH4 Release from Seeps off Costa Rica." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8.4 (2007). PDF-file. <http://eprints.uni-kiel.de/4415/1/2007_MauSuess_G3.pdf>.
"MSU / AMSU." Remote Sensing Systems. RSS, n.d. Web. <http://www.remss.com/missions/amsu-msu>.
MSU (Microwave Sounding Unit) Monthly Data Products (Current and Archived). Remote Sensing System, n.d. Web. <http://images.remss.com/msu/msu_data_monthly.html>.
NOAA. "NOAA Climate Data Record of Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) Mean Layer Temperature, Version 3.0." NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, n.d. Web. <http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/geoportal/catalog/search/resource/details.page?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00935>.
Obzhirov A., Shakirov R., Salyuk A., Suess E., Biebow N., Salomatin A. "Relations between Methane Venting, Geological Structure and Seismo-Tectonics in the Okhotsk Sea." Geo-Marine Letters 24.3 (2004): 135—139.
Remote Sensing Systems. "Description of MSU and AMSU Data Products." Archive.is. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://archive.is/D557#selection-365.0-350.2>.
World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Japan Meteorological Agency in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization, 2001—2015. Web. <http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/>.
Yan T.F., Walia V., Chyi L.L., Fu C.C., Chen C-H., Liu T.K., Song S.R., Lee C.Y. Lee M.. "Seismo-Geochemical Variations in SW Taiwan: Multi-Parameter Automatic Gas Monitoring Results." Pure and Applied Geophysics 163.4 (2006): 693—709.
References:
"Calorie." Big Medical Encyclopedia. Ed. N.A. Semashko. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsyklopediya Publisher, 1930, volume 12, p. 56. (In Russian).
Cappa F., Rutqvist J. "Impact of CO2 Geological Sequestration on the Nucleation of Earthquakes." Geophysical Research Letters 38.17 (2011): L17313.
"Climate Change in the Arctic." All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. National Snow and Ice Data Center, n.d. Web. <http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/climate_change.html>.
"Earthquake Location." Seismic Monitoring and Research Group. Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta. University of Malta, n.d. Web. <http://seismic.research.um.edu.mt/earthquakelocation.php>.
Fischer D., Mogollón J.M., Strasser M., Pape T., Bohrmann G., Fekete N., Spiess V., Kasten S. "Subduction Zone Earthquake as Potential Trigger of Submarine Hydrocarbon Seepage." Nature Geoscience 6.8 (2013): 647—651.
International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). International Document D2. Legal (Officially Approved for Use) Units of Measurement. Paris: International Organization of Legal Metrology Publisher, 2007, annex B. PDF-file. <http://www.fundmetrology.ru/depository/04_IntDoc_all/MD2.pdf>. (In Russian).
Irwin W.P., Barnes I. "Tectonic Relations of Carbon Dioxide Discharges and Earthquakes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 85.B6 (1980): 3115—3121.
Kokorin A.O. Climate Change: An Overview of the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report. Physical Scientific Basis. Impacts on Nature and Humans. Mitigation of Climate Change. Moscow: WWF Publisher, 2014. 80 p. (In Russian).
Lushvin P.V. "Seismic Phenomena and Some of Their Consequences and Anthropogenic Analogues from Aristotle to the Cruiser “Aurora” (Review)." Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie Al'manakh Prostranstvo i Vremya [Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time] 7.1 (2014). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast7-1.2014.71>. (In Russian).
Mau S., Rehder G., Arroyo I. G., Gossler J., Suess, E. "Indications of a Link between Seismotectonics and CH4 Release from Seeps off Costa Rica." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8.4 (2007). PDF-file. <http://eprints.uni-kiel.de/4415/1/2007_MauSuess_G3.pdf>.
"MSU / AMSU." Remote Sensing Systems. RSS, n.d. Web. <http://www.remss.com/missions/amsu-msu>.
MSU (Microwave Sounding Unit) Monthly Data Products (Current and Archived). Remote Sensing System, n.d. Web. <http://images.remss.com/msu/msu_data_monthly.html>.
NOAA. "NOAA Climate Data Record of Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) Mean Layer Temperature, Version 3.0." NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, n.d. Web. <http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/geoportal/catalog/search/resource/details.page?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00935>.
Obzhirov A., Shakirov R., Salyuk A., Suess E., Biebow N., Salomatin A. "Relations between Methane Venting, Geological Structure and Seismo-Tectonics in the Okhotsk Sea." Geo-Marine Letters 24.3 (2004): 135—139.
Perrin de Brichambaut C. Solar Radiation and Radiative Exchange in the Atmosphere. Moscow: Mir Publisher, 1966, 320 p. (In Russian).
Remote Sensing Systems. "Description of MSU and AMSU Data Products." Archive.is. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://archive.is/D557#selection-365.0-350.2>.
"The Coefficient b of Volume Expansion of Liquids and Water Solutions." Processes and Devices of Chemical Technology by A.N. Planovsky, V.M. Ramm, and S.Z. Kagan. Moscow: Khimiya Publisher, 1967, pp. 814—815. (In Russian).
World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Japan Meteorological Agency in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization, 2001—2015. Web. <http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/>.
Yan T.F., Walia V., Chyi L.L., Fu C.C., Chen C-H., Liu T.K., Song S.R., Lee C.Y. Lee M.. "Seismo-Geochemical Variations in SW Taiwan: Multi-Parameter Automatic Gas Monitoring Results." Pure and Applied Geophysics 163.4 (2006): 693—709.
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